Blog
Ipilimumab and Nivolumab: Advancing Research on CTLA-4 in Cancer Therapy
What You Need to Know About IpilimumabWhat is Ipilimumab?Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CTLA-4, a protein involved in downregulating the immune system, to boost the bod
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1st Jan 2025
Targeting IL-10R: Enhancing Immune Activation in Cancer
Introduction to IL-10R and Immune Suppression in CancerThe interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) is a key player in regulating immune responses, particularly in suppressing inflammation and ma
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12th Dec 2024
Amino Acids: Functions, Roles, and Structures
Amino acids are the fundamental units of proteins, playing critical roles in virtually every biological process. Composed of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NHâ‚‚), a carbo
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22nd Nov 2024
Immunoglobulins: Structure, Function, and Clinical Importance
Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoproteins produced by B cells and plasma cells. They play a central role in the immune system by identifying and neutralizing path
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20th Nov 2024
Boiling Proteins for Western Blotting: Optimal Conditions and Best Practices
Boiling proteins is a critical step in preparing samples for Western blotting, a technique widely used to detect specific proteins in complex mixtures. Proper heating denatures the protei
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20th Nov 2024
Treponema pallidum Antibodies: Comprehensive Guide to Diagnostic and Clinical Relevance
Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, triggers an immune response that produces antibodies detectable by laboratory tests. Diagnosing syphilis often involves detecting thes
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20th Nov 2024
Clinical Pathology Labs List: Overview, Services, and Importance
Clinical pathology labs play a crucial role in modern healthcare, providing critical diagnostic testing services for a wide array of diseases and conditions. These laboratories are design
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19th Nov 2024
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, encapsulated bacterium that is a leading cause of respiratory and invasive diseases worldwide. It is part of
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19th Nov 2024
Horseshoe Crab Blood and Endotoxin Testing: A Comprehensive Guide
Horseshoe crabs, often referred to as "living fossils," are invaluable to modern medicine due to their unique blue blood. This blood is the source of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL), a sub
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19th Nov 2024
Phosphorothioate: Enhancing Stability in Oligonucleotide-Based Therapies
Phosphorothioate is a chemical modification commonly used in oligonucleotide-based therapies to enhance the stability and efficacy of therapeutic nucleic acids. In this modification, one
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15th Nov 2024
Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating NSCLC
Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, representing about 85% of all lung cancer cases. NSCLC includes several subtypes, with distinct biological ch
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14th Nov 2024
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Kidney Cancer
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer, originating in the lining of the proximal renal tubules. RCC accounts for approximately 90% of all kidney cancers and
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12th Nov 2024
Melanoma: Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Skin Cancer
Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which gives skin its color. Although it is less common than othe
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12th Nov 2024
M2 Supplement for Organoid Cell Culture: Enhancing Growth and Differentiation
The use of M2 Supplement in organoid culture has revolutionized the way researchers cultivate and maintain these three-dimensional (3D) cellular models. Organoids—self-organizing cell clu
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12th Nov 2024
Freezing Stimulated T Cells: A Detailed Guide
Cryopreservation of stimulated T cells is a common technique in immunology research, allowing for long-term storage while maintaining their functional viability. Stimulated T cells—especi
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6th Nov 2024
Typical Workflow of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, enabling precise modifications to DNA. The typical CRISPR-Cas9 workflow involves several steps, from designing guide RNAs to
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6th Nov 2024
Passaging Hybridoma Cells: A Detailed Guide
Hybridoma cells are essential tools for producing monoclonal antibodies and are derived by fusing B lymphocytes (antibody-producing cells) with myeloma cells (cancer cells) to achieve bot
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5th Nov 2024
Flow Cytometry Gating: A Comprehensive Guide
Flow cytometry gating is a critical step for isolating and analyzing specific cell populations based on size, granularity, and fluorescence. Proper gating strategies enhance data accuracy
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5th Nov 2024
Excluding Doublets in FACS Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide
Overview: Doublet discrimination is essential in Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) to ensure accurate results, as doublets (two cells sticking together) can resemble single cells
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5th Nov 2024
TREM2: Exploring Its Role in Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Cancer Immunotherapy
Introduction to TREM2 and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in CancerTREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) is an immunoregulatory receptor primarily expressed on macrophages
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31st Oct 2024
FoxP3: Understanding Regulatory T Cell Control in Tumor Immunity
Introduction to FoxP3 and Regulatory T Cells in CancerFoxP3 (forkhead box P3) is a transcription factor critical for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a speciali
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30th Oct 2024
CD155: Breaking Immune Suppression in Tumor Environments
Introduction to CD155 in Cancer ImmunotherapyCD155, also known as Poliovirus Receptor (PVR), is a transmembrane protein that plays a pivotal role in tumor immune evasion. While CD155 is n
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29th Oct 2024
TNFRSF9: Enhancing Immune Cell Activity Against Tumors
Introduction to TNFRSF9 and Its Role in Immune ActivationTNFRSF9, also known as 4-1BB or CD137, is a co-stimulatory receptor expressed on the surface of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells
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29th Oct 2024
Dual PD-1/PD-L2 Blockade: Expanding the Horizons of Cancer Immunotherapy
Introduction to PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer ImmunotherapyThe PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has been instrumental in cancer immunotherapy, with PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhibi
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29th Oct 2024