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MST2/Hippo PathwayMammalian Sterile Twenty (MST) pathways have been identified as a homologue of the ste20 kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Creasy and Chernoff 1995). The MST2/Hippo pathway has been identified as a master regulator of cell proliferation, cell death and cell differentiation (Yu and Guan 2013).The Hippo Pathway in drosophilaIn Drosophila, the Hippo pathway was first discovered with the identification of Fat and expanded proteins which were shown to regulate cell proliferation (Boedigheimer and Laughon 1993, Mahoney et al. 1991). The Hippo pathway in Drosophila is composed of a number of core proteins which have homologues in mammalian cells. The Hippo pathway was ma …

Cancer DevelopmentCancer is a group of diseases that involves abnormal cell growth resulting in malignant tumours/ malignant neoplasms. Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity, with 14 million new cases diagnosed and 8.2 million people dying from cancer in 2012 (World Health Organisation 2015). The different types of cancers are classified by the cell type they originate from. The most common cancers are breast, colorectum, lung, cervix, and stomach cancer. There are a number of risk factors that lead to cancer development such as smoking tobacco, an unbalanced diet, being overweight, alcohol use and lack of physical activity (World Health Organisation 2015) Cancer development results i …

A wide variety of cell surface receptors activate Ras GTPase, including the tyrosine receptor linked to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Wells 1999). Upon receptor stimulation, son of sevenless (SOS) stimulates Ras to change from GDP to GTP resulting in Ras activation (Geyer and Wittinghofer 1997).Ras GTPaseRas GTPase shuttles between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound conformation (Colicelli 2004). The best characterised isoforms of Ras GTPase are K-Ras, H-Ras and N-Ras, which are demonstrated to be mutated in 30% of human tumours (Repasky et al. 2004). Activated Ras phosphorylates and activates the Ser/Thr kinase Raf. The three isoforms of Raf are B-Raf, Raf-1 and A- …

Unregulated cell growthCancer, although heterogeneous by its very nature, can be broadly defined as a set of diseases characterised by unregulated cell growth leading to invasion of surrounding tissues and spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body (King et al., 2006). Inhibiting cell division therefore represents a key therapeutic target for cancer.Characteristics of cancer cellsIn their seminal review, Hanahan and Weinberg identified 6 key characteristics of cancer cells, namely: autostimulation; angiogenesis; metastasis; insensitivity to antiproliferative signals; resistance to apoptosis; and limitless replicative potential (Hanahan et al., 2000). This list was recently expande …

Delighted to be featured on Sophie Arthur’s blog, Soph Talks Science, where she interviews PhDs about their lives as researchers. Some great pieces on the site that are linkedin with the Instagram profiles of the researchers, you can find the interview here:Scientist in the Spotlight. Sean M. window.SHOGUN_IMAGE_ELEMENTS = window.SHOGUN_IMAGE_ELEMENTS || new Array(); window.SHOGUN_IMAGE_ELEMENTS.push({ hoverImage: '', uuid: 's-206680cc-50fa-4256-b642-544a4df23a30' }) …

IntroductionThe human kinome is estimated to contain 518 genes, in comparison to the estimated 180 genes that comprise the phosphatome (Arena et al., 2005). These kinase genes represent a significant fraction of all eukaryotic genes, highlighting the prominent role of these enzymes in controlling key cellular functions (Manning et al., 2002). The first oncogene to be identified and characterised, Src, was found to be a tyrosine kinase (Collett et al., 1980; Czernilofsky et al., 1980). The isolation of this tyrosine kinase in 1980 came 7 years before the first tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B, which was identified in 1987 and purified in 1988 (Lim Tung et al., 1987; Tonks et al., 1988). Inve …

At ELISA Genie we are hugely interested in the future of science and we feel that PhD students are at the heart of this. Our new series, #LabChats, will see us interview different scientists and PhD students to find out about what drew them to science, what motivates them, and what they like to do outside of the lab. Our first episode saw us sit down with Laura Menke, a PhD fellow in the Blizzard Institute, Queen Mary University London. We loved hearing about what drew her to specialize in Cardiovascular Pharmacology, her experiences moving around Europe and the US, and her thoughts on women in STEM.  We can see that Laura is an extremely passionate scientist and we kno …

Throughout my graduate and postgraduate studies I have been really intrigued and fascinated by the mitochondria, the organelle that keeps all of us running everyday! The more I learn about them, the more intricate they get. Historical Perspective on Mitochondria Function Traditionally, mitochondria were known to be a static organelle that is involved in energy production, earning the nickname “powerhouse of the cell”. But, in recent years we have learned that mitochondria are extremely dynamic organelles and can change their shape and structure by undergoing fusion and fission events to cope with metabolic demands. Mitochondrial respi …

IQGAP1: IQ-motif containing GTPase-activating-like protein-1 reviewIQ motif-containing GTPase-activating-like protein-1 (IQGAP1) is a 190 KDa protein that belongs to a conserved family of scaffolds and was first identified in 1994 (Weissbach et al. 1994). The IQGAP family are comprised of three isoforms IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 in mammals.IQGAP expressionIQGAP homologs are found in a variety of organisms and the mammalian IQGAPs share 20% amino acid identity with Iqg1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Abel et al. 2015). In humans, IQGAP1 is expressed ubiquitously in tissues while IQGAP2 is expressed mainly in the liver and IQGAP3 is identified in the brain, lung, testis and colon (Whi …

By Catríona Dowling, Post-Doc, RCSI I want you to come on a journey with me where we are going to the botanic gardens. You will pick a section of the garden that is yours: yours to treasure and nourish. If a weed started to grow in that garden, would you chose to ignore the weed or would you try to remove it? And if you did leave it there, would you expect it to grow and spread or just stay as it is? I am no Diarmuid Gavin but what I am is a cancer researcher and I am here to try and explain the benefits of cancer prevention and early diagnosis. Did you know that 50% of all cancers are preventable with 30% preventable by lifestyle changes alone? Cancer is like the weed in our bod …

By Natalia Siomava, PhD Cretinism is a severe medical condition of intellectual disability caused by the deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism). Severe thyroid deficiency or maternal hypothyroidism has been reported in numerous countries all over the world. It is common in areas with iodine-deficient soils (Kapil, 2007). However, each year a greater number of infants was born with congenital hypothyroidism in countries such as North America, Europe, Australia and Japan (Harris and Pass, 2007; Hinton et al., 2010).In these children, growth regulation and metabolism are misbalanced and the development is delayed early on. This resul …

SARS-CoV-2 qPCR assay from Assay Genie Assay Genie have just launched a qPCR assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 One-Step RT-qPCR Kit for Coronavirus Detection (Strain 2019-nCoV) can detect SARS-CoV-2 in a range of sample types including sputum; nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal aspirates, washes or swabs; tracheal aspirates by qPCR. What is in the kit? The assay genie SARS-CoV-2 qPCR assay kit comes with enough reagents to run 100 reactions. This kit also comes in 5, 10 and 500 pack sizes. Each kit comes with the following reagents for SARS-CoV-2 detection. …

ELISA Genie is delighted to announce the date of our next Cancer Research Club which will be taking place on the 31st of March at TTMI, Trinity College Dublin. This event will focus on the role of the mucosal immunity & genetic pathology of the colon. Genetic Pathology & Mucosal Immunity Date: 31/03/2020 Time: 1:30 pm - 5 pm Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James's Hospital window.SHOGUN_IMAGE_ELEMENTS = window.SHOGUN_IMAGE_ELEMENTS || …

SARS-CoV-2用検出キット-コロナウイルス検出用RT-qPCRワンステップキット（2019-nCoV系統） 堅牢かつ再現性の高いワンステップコロナウイルス検出（2019-nCoV系統）製品の概要： 現在2019-nCoVまたはCOVID-19と呼称されている新コロナウイルスは、中国武漢でアウトブレイクした新型肺炎の原因病原体として発表されました。 Assay Genie コロナウイルスCOVID-19（2019-nCoV系統）ワンステップRT-qPCR検出キットは、リアルタイムRT qPCRを使用して、呼吸器検体中（上咽頭または中咽頭吸引液、気管洗浄液またはぬぐい液）の2019-nCoVまたはCOVID-19の試験管内検出を行います。 Assay Genie コロナウィルス COVID-19（2019-nCoV系統）ワンステップRT-qPCR検出キットは、同一試験管内での効率的なcDNA合成とリアルタイムPCRを行うことができます。 キット内には、リアルタイムPCRのために2倍の濃度のqPCR Master Mixが含まれています。 qPCR Master Mix（2x）には、PCR反応の実行に必要なすべての試薬（PCRプライマー、プローブ、テンプレートを除く）が含まれています。 さらに、RTase（逆転写酵素）とRNase阻害剤とがバランスよく …

COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment What is COVID-19? COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and infects the airways and lung epithelium. The disease was first identified in Wuhan in China in December 2019, and has since spread globally causing a pandemic. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. The most common symptoms associated with COVID-19 are fever, cough, shortness of breath and in more severe cases pneumonia and SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome). It has been established that this virus has …

Kit di Estrazione DNA/RNA Virus Il Kit di Estrazione dell'Acido Nucleico Virale II è stato progettato specificamente per la purificazione efficiente del DNA virale e dell'RNA virale da campioni privi di cellule come siero, plasma, fluidi corporei e il sopranatante di colture cellulari virali infette. L'efficiente sistema di colonnina di spin in fibra di vetro è ottimizzato per la purificazione dell'acido nucleico da un'ampia varietà di virus sia DNA che RNA come HBV, CMV, HCV, HIV e HTLV. È possibile purificare 101-109 copie di DNA/RNA virale da un massimo di 200 µl di campioni entro 20 minuti. Il DNA/RNA virale purificato può essere utilizzato direttam …

SciencePicture.Co— Scientific & Medical Illustration About SciencePicture.Co is a science and medical animation company headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. Their beautiful, professional-quality images have been featured across academic and industrial spheres. From patient education videos to cellular metabolic process diagrams, SciencePicture.Co has experience and expertise in a range of scientific fields and visual communications techniques.   In a world of increasing complexity having top-notch graphics which convey information in vibrant and memorable ways is crucial. Especially for m …

کیت غربالگری مهار کننده آنزیم آنژیوتانسین II (ACE2) آنزیم تبدیل آنژیوتانسین II(ACE2, EC 3.4.17.23)، کربوکسی پپتیداز بخشی از سیستم رنین-آنژیوتانسین است که کنترل فشار خون را با پاک کردن دیپپتید C- ترمینال آنژیوتانسین II کنترل می کند تا آن را به آنژیوتانسین 1-7 تبدیل کند. همچنین ، آنژیوتانسین I را تولید می کند تا عملکرد Ang 1-9 را با عملکرد ناشناخته تولید کند. ACE2 گیرنده انسدادی ویروسهای انسانی مانند SARS و HCoV-NL63 است. در سلولهای اندوتلیال عروقی قلب و کلیه بیان می شود. مهار کننده های ACE2 می توانند فشار خون را با تغییر نفوذپذیری عروقی تنظیم کنند. غربالگری برای مهار کننده های مولکول کوچک و پپتید نیز ممکن است در یافتن د …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently occurring cancers and there are 630,000 new cases diagnosed every year worldwide (De Minicis et al. 2013). HCC develops frequently from chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver (Thorgeirsson and Grisham 2002). These conditions result in hepatocyte destruction and promotion of immune cell invasion of the liver tissue, which in turn results in changes of the matrix and micro-environment of the liver (Bosch et al. 1999). Hepatitis B virus About 80% of HCC develops from hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB) (Bosch et al. 1999). The development of HCC can take nea …

COVID-19 Rapid POC CE-IVDテスト（25テスト） 概要説明 Getein COVID-19 Rapid POC(臨床現場即時)キットは新型コロナウィルス(2019-nCoV)IgM/IgG抗体(金コロイド)検出用のワンステップテストであり、肺炎患者や疑わしい例から採取した血清、血漿、指先採血や全血サンプルにおける、2019新型コロナウィルスのIgMとIgG抗体を定量的に検出するものです。 要点 コロナウィルス感染症2019(COVID-19)は、かつてヒトで特定されたことのない新種のコロナウィルスである2019-nCoVによって引き起こされる伝染病です。この病気は主に、感染した人が咳やくしゃみをする際の飛沫を介して人々の間に広まります。暴露から症状が発現するまでの一般的な潜伏期間は2〜14日です。この病気は初期症状こそわずかか無症状の場合もありますが、やがて発熱や咳、息切れ、筋肉の痛みや倦怠感を呈します。さらに悪化すると肺炎や急性呼吸窮迫症候群も引き起こします。 ヒト血液中にある2019-nCoVのIgM・IgG抗体の検出は、COVID-19のスクリーニングの副次的手段として利用することが出来ます。 …

Stephen Reynolds, PhD Student, CERVIVA and Trinity College Dublin We hear almost daily now how everyone in their lifetime will be touched by cancer either directly or through a close family member. Cancer is our modern plague but even though it is so prevalent in modern society every cancer type is unique whether it is down to the type of cell that has become cancerous, it’s location in our body, mutations it’s acquired, was inherited or non-inherited and so forth. It is this lack of homogeneity that means there is no Silver Bullet for cancer treatment and the same is true for the testing and diagnosing cancers that arise in the population. The perfect screening pr …

By Charlotte O’Donnell PhD Cancer Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that develops through epigenetic changes and mutation of multiple genes, including loss of function of tumour suppressor genes and gain of function of oncogenes. These genetic changes in normal cells can each contribute a growth advantage, leading to the transformation of cells into cancer cells [1]. In 2000, Hanahan and Weinberg described a series of 6 biological capabilities or ‘hallmarks’ acquired by most types of cancers during the multi-step development of cancer (Figure 1). They are as follows; ‘sustaining proliferative signalling’, …

Overview of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major epidemic that affects over 347 million people worldwide (Danaei et al. 2011). The World Health Organization predicts that the incidence of DM will rapidly increase with the number doubling by 2030 (Alwan et al. 2011; World Health Organization 2014). There are two major forms of DM, type 1 and type 2, which are clinically characterized by hyperglycaemia due to insulin insufficiency (Mathis et al. 2001). Type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune response resultant of genetic and environmental factors in which pancreatic β-cells within the islets of Langerhans are destroyed, comprises of appr …

Nanosilver is the most commercialised nanoparticle routinely used for its antibacterial purposes in food preservation, cosmetic and health products such as medical devices and wound treatment products (Vance et al., 2015). Interestingly, research on nanosilver has now progressed beyond antibacterial use to application as anticancer owing to some studies that have demonstrated the anticancer properties of nanosilver (Zhang et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2016). Unfortunately, the wide antibacterial application of nanosilver coupled with the very high amounts of the nanoparticles in these commercialised and every day consumable products with the new anticancer application portends a seri …