Blog
The role of IFN gamma in inflammation, cancer and autoimmune disease
Interferons are key cytokines in the immune system, crucial for combating viral and bacterial infections, with significant roles in both innate and adaptive immunity responses. Key Takeaways
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22nd Aug 2023
Characteristics of scaffold protein
Scaffold Proteins Environmental stimuli result in different biological responses including cell growth, proliferation or apoptosis. How cells translate specific stimuli into a specific cellu
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18th Aug 2023
JAK-STAT Signalling and Cytokines: The What, How, and Why
In the intricate landscape of cellular communication, lies a sophisticated s
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16th Aug 2023
CXCL16 – Review
CXCL16
CXCL16, a unique member of the CXC chemokine family, stands at the crossroads of immune modulation and vascular biology. Initially discovered as a chem
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15th Aug 2023
TNF cytokines and their Receptors
The human body is a complex and intricate system where various components work together to maintain
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27th Jul 2023
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role i
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13th Jul 2023
VEGF: Inflammation and Tumourigenesis
What is VEGF?
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of homodimeric polypeptides, and are master regulator
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12th Jul 2023
Growth Factors: Key Players in Biological Processes
Growth factors play a vital role in the complex web of biologi
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20th Jun 2023
An Introduction into EV Markers
Extracellular Vesicles
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22nd Feb 2023
A Quick Guide To Mycoprotein
Mycoprotein is an alternative source of protein that can be used in place of meat. It is made from a fungi called Fusarium venenatum, and is consumed by vegetarians and vegans as a meat sub
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4th Aug 2022
Protein Kinases: Overview, Classification and Therapeutic Potential
Kinases, key enzymes in cellular signaling, phosphorylate proteins to regulate crucial processes, and their modulation has significant implications in disease treatment. Key Takeaways: Ki
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13th Jun 2022
EGF Family
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which triggers ligand-induced d
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23rd May 2022
The Notch Signalling Pathway: Its Steps and Impacts
Notch signalling pathway review
The Notch signalling pathway is a highly conserved intercellular signalling pathway that regulates various cellular processes. The Notch receptor is a tr
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4th Mar 2022
Insulin Signaling and RTK: An Overview
Explore the intricate world of Insulin Signaling and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), pivotal in regulating metabolism and influencing diseases like cancer and atherosclerosis. Key Takea
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23rd Feb 2022
Exosomes - Discovery, Cargo, Biogenesis & Functions
by Ryan Wallis, PhD student, QMUL, Blizard Institute
The microscopic world of cell biology was first explored by Robert Hooke in the 17th century and published in his work, Microgra
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20th Jan 2022
Wnt Signalling Pathway in Immunity
What is Wnt Signalling?
The Wnt signalling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays critical roles in the regulation of determining cell f
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1st Sep 2021
Cell Signalling – Mini Review
Cell Signalling
Cell signalling pathways have an important role in integrating a plethora of extracellular and intracellular signals to produce a controlled optimal o
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15th Mar 2021
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) – Review
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) were first discovered in the 1960s by Dr.Marshall Urist, an orthopaedic surgeon at UCLA (Urist 1965). BMPs are classically associated with their roles in limb
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11th Mar 2021
AKT Signalling – Mini Review
Protein kinase B or AKT (PKB) is a serine/threonine kinase. In mammals it is comprised of 3 highly homologous isoforms PKBα (Akt1), PKBβ (Akt2), and PKBγ (Akt3) (Manning and Cantley 2007). AKT
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9th Mar 2021
LATS1/2 Kinases Review
LATS kinases belong to a family of proteins that, in mammals, are comprised of two isoforms, LATS1 and LATS2. Originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster as Warts kinase, LATS1 and LATS2 se
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11th Jan 2021
Hippo Pathway Review
MST2/Hippo PathwayMammalian Sterile Twenty (MST) pathways have been identified as a homologue of the ste20 kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Creasy and Chernoff 1995). The MST2/Hippo pathway
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18th Dec 2020
Ras signaling pathway
A wide variety of cell surface receptors activate Ras GTPase, including the tyrosine receptor linked to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Wells 1999). Upon receptor stimulation, son o
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18th Dec 2020
Phosphatases and PTP1B – Mini review
IntroductionThe human kinome is estimated to contain 518 genes, in comparison to the estimated 180 genes that comprise the phosphatome (Arena et al., 2005). These kinase genes represent a signif
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18th Dec 2020
IQGAP1 signaling review
IQGAP1: IQ-motif containing GTPase-activating-like protein-1 reviewIQ motif-containing GTPase-activating-like protein-1 (IQGAP1) is a 190 KDa protein that belongs to a conserved family of sc
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18th Dec 2020