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Amino acids are the fundamental units of proteins, playing critical roles in virtually every biological process. Composed of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH₂), a carb …

Boiling proteins is a critical step in preparing samples for Western blotting, a technique widely used to detect specific proteins in complex mixtures. Proper heating denatures the prote …

Phosphorothioate is a chemical modification commonly used in oligonucleotide-based therapies to enhance the stability and efficacy of therapeutic nucleic acids. In this modification, one …