High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), also known as HMG-1 or amphoterin previously, is a member of the HMGB family consisting of three members, HMGB1, HMGB2 and HMGB3. HMGB1 is a DNA-binding nuclear protein, released actively following cytokine stimulation as well as passively during cell death. It is the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and has been implicated in several inflammatory disorders. HMGB1 signals via the receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) and members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. The most prominent HMGB1 protein and mRNA expression arthritis is present in pannus regions, where synovial tissue invades articular cartilage and bone. HMGB1 promotes the activity of proteolytic enzymes, and osteoclasts need HMGB1 for functional maturation. As a non-histone nuclear protein, HMGB1 has a dual function. Inside the cell, HMGB1 binds DNA, regulating transcription and determining chromosomal architecture. Outside the cell, HMGB1 can serve as an alarmin to activate the innate system and mediate a wide range of physiological and pathological responses. Extracellular HMGB1 represents an optimal "necrotic marker" selected by the innate immune system to recognize tissue damage and initiate reparative responses. However, extracellular HMGB1 also acts as a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that contributes to the pathogenesis of diverse inflammatory and infectious disorders. HMGB1 has been successfully therapeutically targeted in multiple preclinical models of infectious and sterile diseases including arthritis. As shown in studies on patients as well as animal models, HMGB1 can play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and polymyositis among others. In addition, enhanced postmyocardial infarction remodeling in type 1 diabetes mellitus was partially mediated by HMGB1 activation.
Product Name:
Human HMGB1/HMG1 Recombinant Protein (RPES4694)
Product Code:
RPES4694
Size:
50µg
Species:
Human
Expressed Host:
HEK293 Cells
Synonyms:
HMG-1,HMG1,HMG3,SBP-1
Accession:
NP_002119.1
Sequence:
Met 1-Glu 215
Fusion tag:
C-His
Activity:
1. Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized human HMGB at 2 µg/ml (100 ?l/well) can bind human AGER.The EC50 of human AGER is 0.27 µg/ml.2. Measured by its ability to induce TNF-alpha secretion by RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte/macrophage cells. The EC50 for this effect is typically 20-100µg/ml.
Endotoxin:
<1.0 EU per µg as determined by the LAL method.
Protein Construction:
A DNA sequence encoding the human HMGB1 protein (NP_002119.1) (Met 1-Glu 215) was fused with a polyhistidine tag at the C-terminus and a signal peptide at the N-terminus.
Purity:
> 93 % as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.
Mol Mass:
26.3 kDa
AP Mol Mass:
30-34 kDa
Formulation:
Lyophilized from sterile PBS, pH 7.4
Shipping:
This product is provided as lyophilized powder which is shipped with ice packs.
Stability and Storage:
Lyophilized proteins are stable for up to 12 months when stored at -20 to -80°C. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 4-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at < -20°C for 3 months.
