Human DFFB ELISA Kit (HUEB1036)- High Sensitivity

Product Name:	Human DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta (DFFB) ELISA Kit
SKU:	HUEB1036
Size:	96T
Target:	Human DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta (DFFB)
Synonyms:	Caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease, Caspase-activated nuclease, DNA fragmentation factor 40 kDa subunit, CAD, CPAN, DFF-40, CAD, DFF2, DFF40
Assay Type:	Sandwich
Detection Method:	ELISA
Reactivity:	Human
Detection Range:	125-8000pg/mL
Sensitivity:	62.5pg/mL

Intra CV:

6.9%

Inter CV:

10.5%

Linearity:

Sample	1:2	1:4	1:8	1:16
Serum(N=5)	108-118%	93-102%	87-100%	94-103%
EDTA Plasma(N=5)	93-103%	106-117%	108-117%	106-117%
Heparin Plasma(N=5)	108-118%	117-127%	105-117%	108-118%

Recovery:

Sample Type	Average(%)	Recovery Range(%)
Serum	109	103-115
Plasma	111	105-117

Function:

Nuclease that induces DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Degrades naked DNA and induces apoptotic morphology.

Uniprot:	O76075
Sample Type:	Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids
Specificity:	Natural and recombinant human DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta
Sub Unit:	Heterodimer of DFFA and DFFB. Interacts with HIST1H1A.
Research Area:	Cancer
Subcellular Location:	Cytoplasm Nucleus
Storage:	Please see kit components below for exact storage details
Note:	For research use only

UniProt Protein Function:	DFFB: Nuclease that induces DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Degrades naked DNA and induces apoptotic morphology. 4 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.
UniProt Protein Details:	Protein type:EC 3.-.-.-; Apoptosis; Deoxyribonuclease Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 1p36.3 Cellular Component: cytosol; nuclear chromatin; nucleolus; nucleoplasm; nucleus Molecular Function:deoxyribonuclease activity; enzyme binding Biological Process: apoptotic chromosome condensation; DNA fragmentation during apoptosis
NCBI Summary:	Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene but the biological validity of some of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]
UniProt Code:	O76075
NCBI GenInfo Identifier:	9087148
NCBI Gene ID:	1677
NCBI Accession:	O76075.1
UniProt Secondary Accession:	O76075,O60521, Q5SR22, Q9BYI4, Q9BYI5, Q9BYI6,
UniProt Related Accession:	O76075
Molecular Weight:	11,482 Da
NCBI Full Name:	DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta
NCBI Synonym Full Names:	DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta
NCBI Official Symbol:	DFFB
NCBI Official Synonym Symbols:	CAD; CPAN; DFF2; DFF40; DFF-40
NCBI Protein Information:	DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta
UniProt Protein Name:	DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta
UniProt Synonym Protein Names:	Caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease; CAD; Caspase-activated DNase; Caspase-activated nuclease; CPAN; DNA fragmentation factor 40 kDa subunit; DFF-40
Protein Family:	DNA fragmentation factor
UniProt Gene Name:	DFFB
UniProt Entry Name:	DFFB_HUMAN

Component	Quantity (96 Assays)	Storage
ELISA Microplate (Dismountable)	8×12 strips	-20°C
Lyophilized Standard	2	-20°C
Sample Diluent	20ml	-20°C
Assay Diluent A	10mL	-20°C
Assay Diluent B	10mL	-20°C
Detection Reagent A	120µL	-20°C
Detection Reagent B	120µL	-20°C
Wash Buffer	30mL	4°C
Substrate	10mL	4°C
Stop Solution	10mL	4°C
Plate Sealer	5	-

Other materials and equipment required:

Microplate reader with 450 nm wavelength filter
Multichannel Pipette, Pipette, microcentrifuge tubes and disposable pipette tips
Incubator
Deionized or distilled water
Absorbent paper
Buffer resevoir

*Note: The below protocol is a sample protocol. Protocols are specific to each batch/lot. For the correct instructions please follow the protocol included in your kit.

Allow all reagents to reach room temperature (Please do not dissolve the reagents at 37°C directly). All the reagents should be mixed thoroughly by gently swirling before pipetting. Avoid foaming. Keep appropriate numbers of strips for 1 experiment and remove extra strips from microtiter plate. Removed strips should be resealed and stored at -20°C until the kits expiry date. Prepare all reagents, working standards and samples as directed in the previous sections. Please predict the concentration before assaying. If values for these are not within the range of the standard curve, users must determine the optimal sample dilutions for their experiments. We recommend running all samples in duplicate.

Step
1.	Add Sample: Add 100µL of Standard, Blank, or Sample per well. The blank well is added with Sample diluent. Solutions are added to the bottom of micro ELISA plate well, avoid inside wall touching and foaming as possible. Mix it gently. Cover the plate with sealer we provided. Incubate for 120 minutes at 37°C.
2.	Remove the liquid from each well, don't wash. Add 100µL of Detection Reagent A working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing. Incubate for 1 hour at 37°C. Note: if Detection Reagent A appears cloudy warm to room temperature until solution is uniform.
3.	Aspirate each well and wash, repeating the process three times. Wash by filling each well with Wash Buffer (approximately 400µL) (a squirt bottle, multi-channel pipette,manifold dispenser or automated washer are needed). Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential. After the last wash, completely remove remaining Wash Buffer by aspirating or decanting. Invert the plate and pat it against thick clean absorbent paper.
4.	Add 100µL of Detection Reagent B working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Incubate for 60 minutes at 37°C.
5.	Repeat the wash process for five times as conducted in step 3.
6.	Add 90µL of Substrate Solution to each well. Cover with a new Plate sealer and incubate for 10-20 minutes at 37°C. Protect the plate from light. The reaction time can be shortened or extended according to the actual color change, but this should not exceed more than 30 minutes. When apparent gradient appears in standard wells, user should terminatethe reaction.
7.	Add 50µL of Stop Solution to each well. If color change does not appear uniform, gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing.
8.	Determine the optical density (OD value) of each well at once, using a micro-plate reader set to 450 nm. User should open the micro-plate reader in advance, preheat the instrument, and set the testing parameters.
9.	After experiment, store all reagents according to the specified storage temperature respectively until their expiry.

When carrying out an ELISA assay it is important to prepare your samples in order to achieve the best possible results. Below we have a list of procedures for the preparation of samples for different sample types.

Sample Type	Protocol
Serum	If using serum separator tubes, allow samples to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Collect the serum fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. If serum separator tubes are not being used, allow samples to clot overnight at 2-8°C. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Remove serum and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Plasma	Collect plasma using EDTA or heparin as an anticoagulant. Centrifuge samples at 4°C for 15 mins at 1000 × g within 30 mins of collection. Collect the plasma fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Note: Over haemolysed samples are not suitable for use with this kit.
Urine & Cerebrospinal Fluid	Collect the urine (mid-stream) in a sterile container, centrifuge for 20 mins at 2000-3000 rpm. Remove supernatant and assay immediately. If any precipitation is detected, repeat the centrifugation step. A similar protocol can be used for cerebrospinal fluid.
Cell culture supernatant	Collect the cell culture media by pipette, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 20 mins at 1500 rpm. Collect the clear supernatant and assay immediately.
Cell lysates	Solubilize cells in lysis buffer and allow to sit on ice for 30 minutes. Centrifuge tubes at 14,000 x g for 5 minutes to remove insoluble material. Aliquot the supernatant into a new tube and discard the remaining whole cell extract. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Tissue homogenates	The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. Rinse tissue with 1X PBS to remove excess blood & homogenize in 20ml of 1X PBS (including protease inhibitors) and store overnight at ≤ -20°C. Two freeze-thaw cycles are required to break the cell membranes. To further disrupt the cell membranes you can sonicate the samples. Centrifuge homogenates for 5 mins at 5000xg. Remove the supernatant and assay immediately or aliquot and store at -20°C or -80°C.
Tissue lysates	Rinse tissue with PBS, cut into 1-2 mm pieces, and homogenize with a tissue homogenizer in PBS. Add an equal volume of RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and lyse tissues at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle agitation. Centrifuge to remove debris. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Breast Milk	Collect milk samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C. Aliquot the supernatant and assay. For long term use, store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.

ELISA	Antibodies
Human CAD (Caspase Activated Deoxyribonuclease) ELISA Kit (HUES01821)	Anti-DFFB Antibody (CAB10110)
	SMARCA4 Antibody (PACO17649)
	CYP21A2 Antibody, Biotin conjugated (PACO62262)
	DFFB Antibody (PACO62263)
	DFFB Antibody, HRP conjugated (PACO62264)