Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcription Factor Activity Assay

Subunit structure: Binds DNA as a homodimer. Can form a heterodimer with ESR2. Isoform 3 can probably homodimerize or heterodimerize with isoform 1 and ESR2. Interacts with FOXC2, MAP1S, SLC30A9, UBE1C and NCOA3 coactivator

By similarity. Interacts with EP300; the interaction is estrogen-dependent and enhanced by CITED1. Interacts with CITED1; the interaction is estrogen-dependent. Interacts with NCOA5 and NCOA6 coactivators. Interacts with NCOA7; the interaction is a ligand-inducible. Interacts with PHB2, PELP1 and UBE1C. Interacts with AKAP13. Interacts with CUEDC2. Interacts with KDM5A. Interacts with SMARD1. Interacts with HEXIM1. Interacts with PBXIP1. Interaction with MUC1 is stimulated by 7 beta-estradiol (E2) and enhances ERS1-mediated transcription. Interacts with DNTTIP2, FAM120B and UIMC1. Interacts with isoform 4 of TXNRD1. Interacts with KMT2D/MLL2. Interacts with ATAD2 and this interaction is enhanced by estradiol. Interacts with KIF18A and LDB1. Interacts with RLIM (via C-terminus). Interacts with MACROD1. Interacts with SH2D4A and PLCG. Interaction with SH2D4A blocks binding to PLCG and inhibits estrogen-induced cell proliferation. Interacts with DYNLL1. Interacts with CCDC62 in the presence of estradiol/E2; this interaction seems to enhance the transcription of target genes. Interacts with NR2C1; the interaction prevents homodimerization of ESR1 and suppresses its transcriptional activity and cell growth. Interacts with DYX1C1. Interacts with PRMT2. Interacts with PI3KR1 or PI3KR2, SRC and PTK2/FAK1. Interacts with RBFOX2. Interacts with STK3/MST2 only in the presence of SAV1 and vice-versa. Binds to CSNK1D. Interacts with NCOA2; NCOA2 can interact with ESE1 AF-1 and AF-2 domains simultaneously and mediate their transcriptional synergy. Interacts with DDX5. Interacts with NCOA1; the interaction seems to require a self-association of N-terminal and C-terminal regions. Interacts with ZNF366, DDX17, NFKB1, RELA, SP1 and SP3. Interacts with NRIP1

By similarity. Interacts with GPER1; the interaction occurs in an estrogen-dependent manner. Ref.18 Ref.19 Ref.21 Ref.24 Ref.25 Ref.27 Ref.28 Ref.29 Ref.30 Ref.31 Ref.32 Ref.33 Ref.34 Ref.35 Ref.36 Ref.37 Ref.38 Ref.39 Ref.40 Ref.41 Ref.42 Ref.43 Ref.45 Ref.48 Ref.50 Ref.51 Ref.53 Ref.54 Ref.55 Ref.56 Ref.57 Ref.58 Ref.59 Ref.60 Ref.61 Ref.62 Ref.64 Ref.65 Ref.66 Ref.67 Ref.68 Ref.69 Ref.70 Ref.71 Ref.72 Ref.73 Ref.74 Ref.76 Ref.91

Subcellular location: Isoform 1: Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Note: A minor fraction is associated with the inner membrane. Ref.6 Ref.22 Ref.48 Ref.59 Ref.64 Ref.77 Ref.79Isoform 3: Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Note: Associated with the inner membrane via palmitoylation

Probable. At least a subset exists as a transmembrane protein with a N-terminal extracellular domain. Ref.6 Ref.22 Ref.48 Ref.59 Ref.64 Ref.77 Ref.79Nucleus. Golgi apparatus. Cell membrane. Note: Colocalizes with ZDHHC7 and ZDHHC21 in the Golgi apparatus where most probably palmitoylation occurs. Associated with the plasma membrane when palmitoylated. Ref.6 Ref.22 Ref.48 Ref.59 Ref.64 Ref.77 Ref.79

Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Isoform 3 is not expressed in the pituitary gland. Ref.19

Domain: Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain. The modulating domain, also known as A/B or AF-1 domain has a ligand-independent transactivation function. The C-terminus contains a ligand-dependent transactivation domain, also known as E/F or AF-2 domain which overlaps with the ligand binding domain. AF-1 and AF-2 activate transcription independently and synergistically and act in a promoter- and cell-specific manner. AF-1 seems to provide the major transactivation function in differentiated cells.

Post-translational modification: Phosphorylated by cyclin A/CDK2 and CK1. Phosphorylation probably enhances transcriptional activity. Self-association induces phosphorylation. Dephosphorylation at Ser-118 by PPP5C inhibits its transactivation activity. Ref.10 Ref.14 Ref.16 Ref.26 Ref.46 Ref.72Glycosylated; contains N-acetylglucosamine, probably O-linked. Ref.23Ubiquitinated. Deubiquitinated by OTUB1. Ref.71Dimethylated by PRMT1 at Arg-260. The methylation may favor cytoplasmic localization. Ref.64Palmitoylated (isoform 3) Not biotinylated (isoform 3) Ref.22 Ref.79Palmitoylated by ZDHHC7 and ZDHHC21. Palmitoylation is required for plasma membrane targeting and for rapid intracellular signaling via ERK and AKT kinases and cAMP generation, but not for signaling mediated by the nuclear hormone receptor. Ref.22 Ref.79

Polymorphism: Genetic variations in ESR1 are correlated with bone mineral density (BMD). Low BMD is a risk factor for osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mineral density, disrutption of bone microarchitecture, and the alteration of the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone. Osteoporotic bones are more at risk of fracture.

Involvement in Disease: Estrogen resistance (ESTRR) [MIM:615363]: A disorder characterized by partial or complete resistance to estrogens, in the presence of elevated estrogen serum levels. Clinical features include absence of the pubertal growth spurt, delayed bone maturation, unfused epiphyses, reduced bone mineral density, osteoporosis, continued growth into adulthood and very tall adult stature. Glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and lipid abnormalities may also be present.Note: The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Ref.88 Ref.93

Miscellaneous: Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, toremifene, lasofoxifene, clomifene, femarelle and ormeloxifene, have tissue selective agonistic and antagonistic effects on the estrogen receptor (ER). They interfere with the ER association with coactivators or corepressors, mainly involving the AF-2 domain.

Sequence similarities: Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily.Contains 1 nuclear receptor DNA-binding domain.